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Federated cloud networking is needed to allow the seamless and efficient interconnection of resources distributed among different clouds. This work introduces a new cloud network federation framework for the automatic provision of...
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Federated cloud networking is needed to allow the seamless and efficient interconnection of resources distributed among different clouds. This work introduces a new cloud network federation framework for the automatic provision of Layer 2 (L2) and Layer 3 (L3) virtual networks to interconnect geographically distributed cloud infrastructures in a hybrid cloud scenario. This framework provides a simple, secure and elastic solution to create and manage federated networks across heterogeneous cloud providers, with abstraction of the underlying technologies. The paper also analyzes the main technologies and topologies that can used the framework to construct L2 and L3 overlay networks within hybrid clouds. In order to demonstrate the viability of the proposed solution and compare the different topologies, the article shows a proof-of-concept of a real federated network deployment in a hybrid cloud, which spans a local private cloud, managed with OpenNebula, and two public clouds, two different regions of Amazon EC2. Results show that L2 and L3 overlay connectivity can be achieved with a minimal bandwidth overhead, lower than 10%.
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The transition towards 5G-based smart network industries is concomitant with a fundamental change of the traditional physical infrastructures driven by digitalization which pervades all decision-relevant components of the infrastr...
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The transition towards 5G-based smart network industries is concomitant with a fundamental change of the traditional physical infrastructures driven by digitalization which pervades all decision-relevant components of the infrastructure value chains. The goal of this paper is to develop a network economic foundation for 5G-based network slicing based on a generalization of the concept of virtual networks combining a required sequence of virtual networks in order to fulfill the necessities of smart network industries. The key concept to analyze the economic incentives of the different actors involved is the well-established concept of opportunity costs of usage of scarce network resources. The allocation problem of traffic service providers fundamentally differs from the allocation problem of virtual network providers. Whereas interoperability and interconnection between different virtual networks are not standardized significant standardization efforts via network slicing can be observed in particular from the perspective of end-to-end QoS guarantees. 5G-based big data use cases with cross-border challenges for network slicing, and the subsequent interoperability of virtual networks, enable tremendous potential for innovation in smart physical infrastructures. The 5G-based European Future Railway Mobile Communication System and cross-border oriented, 5G-based connected, cooperative, and automated mobility applications are investigated with a large and open set of heterogeneous use cases requiring cross-border standardization of QoS-differentiated network slices.
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Starting from an industry where production is provided by a public monopolist, we observe the effects of a sequence of reforms within the network industry on consumer surplus. Using a simple comparative statics framework, we find ...
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Starting from an industry where production is provided by a public monopolist, we observe the effects of a sequence of reforms within the network industry on consumer surplus. Using a simple comparative statics framework, we find the indifference conditions for the consumer surplus under the following regimes: a public monopoly, an unregulated private monopoly, a regulated private monopoly, a vertically disintegrated monopoly, a duopoly and a liberalized market. The results are determined by the relative size of the x-inefficiencies of the public monopolist, allocative inefficiencies of the private monopoly, the cost of unbundling and the costs related to establishing a competitive market.
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This paper investigates the roles of firm size, age, and industrial networking in determining firm growth. Analyses using the 2-year panel data of 7,889 Korean manufacturing firms between 1994 and 2003 confirm that firm size and a...
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This paper investigates the roles of firm size, age, and industrial networking in determining firm growth. Analyses using the 2-year panel data of 7,889 Korean manufacturing firms between 1994 and 2003 confirm that firm size and age have significant negative effects on firm growth and significant positive impacts on firm survival. R&D and export activities are found to facilitate both firm growth and survival. The primary focus of this study is to examine the effects of industrial networking, such as subcontracting and clustering, on firm growth. The results show that subcontracting does not yield any positive effect for firm growth, but encumbers survival, which may be accounted for by the high subcontracting intensity among small firms. Clustering, on the other hand, is found to promote firm growth and survival. There is, however, little evidence that such a positive effect of clustering is derived from network externalities through cooperation and competition among firms in a cluster per se.
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The modern telecommunication has come into the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) era. The whole transmission network gradually has evolved to the IP network. The overall network organization is likewise becoming more and more similar to t...
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The modern telecommunication has come into the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) era. The whole transmission network gradually has evolved to the IP network. The overall network organization is likewise becoming more and more similar to the metropolitan data network. A mobile Packet Transport Network (PTN) transmission network construction is investigated. The specific bearing requirements of time division long-term evolution (TD-LTE) are analyzed. The topology structures of L3 and L2/L3 and the equipment applications in different network levels of the PTN network are discussed. The existing problems concerning the circuit scheduling, disaster tolerance requirement, security connection and business pressure are analyzed in detail. Their corresponding optimization strategies are presented. Finally, the network level having a clear, robust and complete coverage is reached. It proves that the optimized network can meet the third level of the disaster tolerance international standard SHARE 78.
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In this article I construct a general equilibrium urban model with cyberspace and physical space. In cyberspace, there is a virtual production sector and it produces virtual goods. On the other hand, in physical space, a physical ...
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In this article I construct a general equilibrium urban model with cyberspace and physical space. In cyberspace, there is a virtual production sector and it produces virtual goods. On the other hand, in physical space, a physical production sector is located in the CBD and it produces physical goods. The behaviour of home and office workers is considered in a Solow and Vickrey type linear city. I derive the market equilibrium of the city by numerical simulation using specific utility and production functions. The land use pattern and the time allocation of the workers are shown. I also show the spatial structure of the telecommunications and transportation networks.
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In an interconnected society, social networks grow through formation of strategic connections based on the hierarchy within the social network. Often, the hierarchy becomes self-reinforcing and the observed valuations of the indiv...
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In an interconnected society, social networks grow through formation of strategic connections based on the hierarchy within the social network. Often, the hierarchy becomes self-reinforcing and the observed valuations of the individuals in the hierarchy become disconnected from the corresponding fundamentals. We propose a network model to characterize the disconnect between the observed and fundamental valuations of entities, where the difference is a function of the linkages across the entities. In a growing social network, new entrants come at every point of time and offer connections to the incumbents based on the observed valuations. Individuals care only about their ranks in the hierarchy of observed valuation. With myopic individuals, network grows in equilibrium, but the associated hierarchy becomes unstable. However, with farsighted individuals, the network growth process is hierarchy-preserving and depending on the structure of seed network, the process may be completely halted by individuals who have incentives to preserve hierarchy. These two mechanisms taken together provide a comprehensive characterization of valuation in a growing inter-connected, hierarchical society. We illustrate an application of the model by analyzing the Indian board interlocking network. Our model enables us to find the hierarchy of the board members’ network and to identify the dispersion in magnitude of network externalities across directors.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to use network analysis as a monitoring tool for the competitive conditions and the behavior of the contracting authorities and companies in the public procurement market. The proposed method exam...
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to use network analysis as a monitoring tool for the competitive conditions and the behavior of the contracting authorities and companies in the public procurement market. The proposed method examines the market using network entropy and conditional network entropy, along with each agent's metrics. Network entropy offers information about the market conditions for the authorities and companies’ groups. The conditional network entropy measures the distribution of contracts across sellers or buyers for each group. The findings are signals of possible dominant positions and preferential treatment. In the second stage, the agency uses the agents’ degrees and entropies, unweighted and weighted, to inspect for possible preferential treatment or market dominance by specific agents. We applied the method in the pacemakers’ public procurement market using data from 33 countries from the period 2009–2019. The findings indicated that even though the network entropy and the conditional network entropy indicated that the market operated competitively, the examination of the companies’ degree centrality reveals the presence of at least one dominant company.
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The Human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid is composed of the major and minor capsid proteins, L1 and L2, respectively. Infectious entry requires a complex series of conformational changes in both proteins that lead to uptake and allow...
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The Human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid is composed of the major and minor capsid proteins, L1 and L2, respectively. Infectious entry requires a complex series of conformational changes in both proteins that lead to uptake and allow uncoating to occur. During entry, the capsid is disassembled and host cyclophilins dissociate L1 protein from the L2/DNA complex. Herein, we describe a mutant HPV16 L2 protein (HPV16 L2-R302/5A) that traffics pseudogenome to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) but fails to egress. Our data provide further evidence that HPV16 traffics through the TGN and demonstrates that L2 is essential for TGN egress. Furthermore, we show that cyclophilin activity is required for the L2/DNA complex to be transported to the TGN which is accompanied by a reduced L1protein levels.
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